Explore 10,000+ laboratory markers, in plain English.

an essential trace mineral

Chromium is ubiquitous in foods at low low concentrations. Derived from processing of food with stainless steel equipment. Also present in tobacco smoke, chrome, plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving and is deposited into air, water, and soil. Blood distribution of chromium appears to be equally divided between plasma and RBCs, whole blood chromium the sample type for total chromium measurement. Chromium (VI) is more concentrated in the RBCs, while chromium (III) does not enter the RBCs. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish sources and types of exposure to indicate toxic (Cr VI) exposure versus benign (Cr III) by measuring RBC chromium. Chromium rapidly clears from the blood and measurements relate to recent exposure. Urinary chromium excretion reflects absorption of the previous one to two days. Chromium is often given as a supplement to treat glucose intolerance by improving insulin sensitivity. → There is debate as to whether chromium is an essential trace element. → Hip prosthesis, bearing surfaces are made from cobalt and other materials, including chromium. → Welding produces fumes that may contain chromium and other metals (Mn, As, Fe, Ni). → Dietary chromium absorption is low. → Chromium is bound to the protein transferring in the bloodstream. → Conditions that increase circulating glucose and insulin increase urinary chromium output. Symptoms of imbalance: Currently, no symptoms of chromium deficiency exist. Compounds containing hexavalent chromium (chromium VI) are mutagenic and carcinogenic in large quantities. No adverse effects have been associated with trivalent chromium (chromium III), the form and food and supplements. Inhaled chromium may cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose, ulcers, runny nose, and breathing proble, asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Dermal contact with chromium, make her skin, ulcers, redness, and swelling. Ingested, chromium and brackets in animals may cause irritation, and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine and anemia. The FDA recommends testing chromium in whole blood in patients with metal on metal hip implants who have symptoms. These symptoms may include localized pain due to damage bone and/or tissue surrounding the implant and joint.

Chromium, when measured in whole blood as part of a Toxic and Essential Elements panel, provides valuable insights into the body's chromium status, which is pivotal for various physiological functions. Chromium is a trace element essential for human health, primarily recognized for its role in enhancing the action of insulin, a hormone critical to the metabolism and storage of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Its presence in whole blood reflects both recent dietary intake and the body's stores of the mineral. Chromium exists in several forms, but the trivalent chromium (Cr3+) is the biologically active form, considered safe and necessary for human health, while hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) is toxic and carcinogenic. The measurement of chromium in whole blood can be crucial for evaluating nutritional status, particularly in populations at risk of chromium deficiency, such as those with unbalanced diets, the elderly, and individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. Elevated levels of chromium, on the other hand, might indicate excessive exposure, potentially due to occupational hazards or environmental contamination, and can lead to toxic effects including skin rashes, gastrointestinal issues, or more severe organ damage. Given its dual potential as both an essential nutrient and a toxicant at high concentrations, monitoring chromium levels through such panels is vital for both clinical and occupational health assessments, guiding dietary recommendations and exposure prevention strategies.

A high hair chromium (Cr) level is likely to indicate excess exposure to Cr. Hair Cr levels do not appear to be affected by permanent solutions, dyes, or bleaches, but external contamination is possible. Trivalent Cr is considered to be an essential trace element with a low order of toxicity. Cr toxicity via oral ingestion is not likely. However, it is noteworthy that excessive self-supplementation has been reported to be associated with insomnia and increased unpleasant dream activity in some individuals (J. Nutr. Med.; 3(43), 1992). Phytates decrease oral assimilation of Cr+3, whereas nicotinic acid and vitamin C increase absorption of Cr+3, zinc, vanadium and iron compete with Cr for absorption. In contrast, hexavalent Cr compounds are considerably more toxic and are primarily absorbed via inhalation as a result of industrial exposure. Industrial exposure to high amounts of Cr has been reported to be associated with allergic dermatitis, skin ulcers, bronchitis, and lung and nasal carcinoma. Elevated hair Cr levels have also been observed in patients with cerebral thrombosis and cerebral hemorrhage. Sources of exposure to hexavalent Cr include: manufacture and use of ferrochromium and stainless steel, chromium plating (plumbing, electrical appliances, automotive parts), welding, commercial spray painting, wood finishing and leather tanning industries, and handling of cement. Extensive mining of Cr and disposal of spent ore presents a serious environmental problem in certain regions. Tests to confirm excess exposure to Cr include analysis of Cr in plasma (trivalent) versus packed red blood cells (hexavalent); both analyses are more indicative of recent exposure than of body burden. A urine elements analysis will confirm recent exposure and serum hyaluronidase activity is reported to be elevated with excessive exposure to Cr.

Chromium is ubiquitous in foods at low low concentrations. Derived from processing of food with stainless steel equipment. Also present in tobacco smoke, chrome, plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving and is deposited into air, water, and soil. Blood distribution of chromium appears to be equally divided between plasma and RBCs, whole blood chromium the sample type for total chromium measurement. Chromium (VI) is more concentrated in the RBCs, while chromium (III) does not enter the RBCs. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish sources and types of exposure to indicate toxic (Cr VI) exposure versus benign (Cr III) by measuring RBC chromium. Chromium rapidly clears from the blood and measurements relate to recent exposure. Urinary chromium excretion reflects absorption of the previous one to two days. Chromium is often given as a supplement to treat glucose intolerance by improving insulin sensitivity. → There is debate as to whether chromium is an essential trace element. → Hip prosthesis, bearing surfaces are made from cobalt and other materials, including chromium. → Welding produces fumes that may contain chromium and other metals (Mn, As, Fe, Ni). → Dietary chromium absorption is low. → Chromium is bound to the protein transferring in the bloodstream. → Conditions that increase circulating glucose and insulin increase urinary chromium output. Symptoms of imbalance: Currently, no symptoms of chromium deficiency exist. Compounds containing hexavalent chromium (chromium VI) are mutagenic and carcinogenic in large quantities. No adverse effects have been associated with trivalent chromium (chromium III), the form and food and supplements. Inhaled chromium may cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose, ulcers, runny nose, and breathing proble, asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Dermal contact with chromium, make her skin, ulcers, redness, and swelling. Ingested, chromium and brackets in animals may cause irritation, and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine and anemia. The FDA recommends testing chromium in whole blood in patients with metal on metal hip implants who have symptoms. These symptoms may include localized pain due to damage bone and/or tissue surrounding the implant and joint.

Chromium is an essential trace mineral crucial for carbohydrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. It plays a role in stabilizing blood sugar levels and is involved in lipid and protein metabolism. Hair analysis offers a long-term view of chromium status, reflecting dietary intake, environmental exposure, and overall mineral balance.

a good indicator of tissue levels

A high hair chromium (Cr) level is likely to indicate excess exposure to Cr. Hair Cr levels do not appear to be affected by permanent solutions, dyes, or bleaches, but external contamination is possible. Trivalent Cr is considered to be an essential trace element with a low order of toxicity. Cr toxicity via oral ingestion is not likely. However, it is noteworthy that excessive self-supplementation has been reported to be associated with insomnia and increased unpleasant dream activity in some individuals (J. Nutr. Med.; 3(43), 1992). Phytates decrease oral assimilation of Cr+3, whereas nicotinic acid and vitamin C increase absorption of Cr+3, zinc, vanadium and iron compete with Cr for absorption. In contrast, hexavalent Cr compounds are considerably more toxic and are primarily absorbed via inhalation as a result of industrial exposure. Industrial exposure to high amounts of Cr has been reported to be associated with allergic dermatitis, skin ulcers, bronchitis, and lung and nasal carcinoma. Elevated hair Cr levels have also been observed in patients with cerebral thrombosis and cerebral hemorrhage. Sources of exposure to hexavalent Cr include: manufacture and use of ferrochromium and stainless steel, chromium plating (plumbing, electrical appliances, automotive parts), welding, commercial spray painting, wood finishing and leather tanning industries, and handling of cement. Extensive mining of Cr and disposal of spent ore presents a serious environmental problem in certain regions. Tests to confirm excess exposure to Cr include analysis of Cr in plasma (trivalent) versus packed red blood cells (hexavalent); both analyses are more indicative of recent exposure than of body burden. A urine elements analysis will confirm recent exposure and serum hyaluronidase activity is reported to be elevated with excessive exposure to Cr.

Clinical Manifestations of Excess/ Risk for Toxicity: Chromium occurs in primarily two states, trivalent chromium (chromium 3) typically found in foods and hexavalent chromium (chromium 6) typically found in industrial sources and pollutants. Chromium 3 is much less toxic than chromium 6. The body can detoxify some amount of chromium 6 to chromium 3 using glutathione, hydrogen peroxide, glutathione reductase, and ascorbic acid. Few serious adverse effects have been linked to high intakes of chromium 3, so no UL (= upper limit) has been established for chromium 3. Overexposure to chromium 6 can occur in welders and other workers in the metallurgical industry, use of chromium-containing paints and primers, individuals with metallic surgical implants, individuals who ingest chromium salts. Chromium toxicity can occur via oral, inhaled, or dermal absorption. Chromium toxicity, depending upon route of exposure, can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramps, skin lesions, sinus, nasal and lung cancer, renal failure, liver damage, circulatory collapse, coma and death. Physiological Function: Chromium is an essential nutrient used in trace amounts in humans that acts as a cofactor for chromodulin, a peptide that enhances the effect of insulin on target tissues, which aids in regulation of blood sugar and lipid metabolism. How it gets depleted: Deficiency is very rare, but can occur in patients receiving IV parenteral nutrition, without supplemental chromium added, and individuals who regularly participate in endurance exercise. Clinical Manifestations of Depletion: Chromium deficiency can contribute to the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Even mild deficiencies of chromium can produce problems in blood sugar metabolism, and contribute to other symptoms such as anxiety or fatigue. Food Sources: Food sources of chromium include: brewer’s yeast, especially beer, broccoli, grape juice, meat and whole-grain products. Some fruits, vegetables, and spices provide chromium. Romaine lettuce, raw onions and ripe tomatoes are all good sources. Supplement Options: → The AI for chromium is 35 μg/day for men and 25 μg/day for women. → Increased needs may be present during pregnancy and lactation. → Supplemental chromium is generally not needed as dietary consumption easily meets physiological needs. → Supplementation is poorly studied and insufficient evidence exists to provide recommendations, but chromium picolinate is a form commonly used in treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes.

Chromium is an essential trace element involved in various biological processes, primarily in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. The Chromium, Plasma test measures the amount of chromium in the bloodstream, which can be indicative of dietary intake, absorption, and potential deficiency or toxicity. Below is an overview of this biomarker and its relevance: Role of Chromium in the Body: → Glucose Metabolism: Chromium enhances the action of insulin, a hormone essential for the regulation of blood glucose levels. It helps insulin bind to its receptors, facilitating glucose uptake into cells and maintaining stable blood sugar levels. → Lipid Metabolism: Chromium has been shown to influence lipid metabolism by improving cholesterol profiles, potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. → Protein and Nucleic Acid Metabolism: Chromium also supports the metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids, contributing to overall cellular function. Clinical Indications for Testing: → Suspected Chromium Deficiency: Although rare, chromium deficiency can lead to impaired glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. It is more common in individuals with poor diets or certain metabolic disorders. → Chromium Toxicity: Excess chromium levels, usually due to industrial exposure or excessive supplementation, can result in toxicity. This can manifest as kidney damage, liver dysfunction, or gastrointestinal distress. → Diabetes Management: Chromium supplementation has been studied for its potential role in improving insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes, making the plasma chromium test relevant for evaluating deficiency or excess in these individuals. Normal Reference Range: Typical Range: The normal plasma chromium concentration is generally between 0.05 to 0.5 µg/L. However, these values can vary slightly depending on the laboratory. Factors Influencing Chromium Levels: → Dietary Intake: Chromium is obtained from foods such as whole grains, broccoli, and meats. A balanced diet is typically sufficient to maintain adequate chromium levels. → Supplementation: Chromium is available in supplements, commonly in the form of chromium picolinate or chromium chloride. Careful monitoring is recommended, as excessive supplementation can lead to toxicity. → Environmental Exposure: Occupational exposure, particularly in industrial settings (e.g., welding, chrome plating), can elevate plasma chromium levels. → Renal Function: Chromium is excreted via the kidneys, so impaired renal function can affect chromium clearance and lead to abnormal plasma levels. Test Methodology: The test is typically conducted using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), a highly sensitive technique that quantifies trace elements in the plasma. The accuracy of the test is crucial given the very low concentrations of chromium typically present in the body. Interpretation of Results: Low Plasma Chromium: May suggest deficiency, particularly in individuals with signs of impaired glucose metabolism. In such cases, dietary modifications or supplementation may be recommended. High Plasma Chromium: Indicates potential toxicity, especially in individuals with industrial exposure or excessive supplementation. Further investigation is warranted to assess for possible organ damage.

may be used to help detect neuroendocrine tumors

a protein-digesting enzyme secreted by the pancreas

Cilantro and Coriander come from the same plant

Circulating NAD measures nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide detected outside blood cells in the circulating portion of the sample. NAD is best known for its intracellular roles in energy production, mitochondrial metabolism, redox reactions, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. Much less is known about how circulating NAD relates to NAD availability inside tissues. Circulating levels may be affected by NAD precursor supplements, cellular release and breakdown, exercise, fasting, illness, and sample processing. Because NAD can be altered when blood cells are damaged or when a sample is not processed promptly, laboratory technique is especially important. Circulating NAD should be interpreted using the method-specific reference range and should not be directly compared with intracellular NAD, even when both were measured from the same blood draw.

cis-Aconitate is involved in both energy production and removal of toxic ammonia.

cis-Aconitate is involved in both energy production and removal of toxic ammonia.