Dihydrocitrinone (DHC) is a metabolite of Citrinin (CTN), which is a mycotoxin produced by several fungal strains in the Penicillium, Aspergillus and Monascus genera and found in stored grains and other food products. Citrinin has nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects, and often occurs in combination with ochratoxin A. Studies show that dihydrocitrinone (DHC) has a signicantly reduced cytotoxic and genotoxic potential as compared to CTN. Thus, DHC is considered a detoxication related step of CIT metabolism.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a key androgenic marker providing critical insights into androgen metabolism and its implications in female health. DHT, a biologically active metabolite of testosterone, is formed primarily in peripheral tissues through the action of the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase. Despite being commonly associated with male physiology, DHT plays a significant role in women, particularly in hair follicle health, skin condition, and overall hormonal balance. Elevated levels of DHT in women can lead to androgenic effects such as hirsutism (excessive hair growth in areas typical for males), acne, and in some cases, androgenic alopecia (pattern hair loss). These symptoms are often observed in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is characterized by an overproduction of androgens.

What is dihydrotestosterone?

Dihydrotestosterone (=DHT) is a hormone that contributes to the development of sexual structures and characteristics in people assigned male at birth. When DHT levels are too high or too low, it can cause different issues depending on your age and stage of sexual development. 

Dihydrotestosterone is a hormone that stimulates the development of male characteristics

HVA and DOPAC are the major metabolites of dopamine.

HVA and DOPAC are the major metabolites of dopamine.

HVA and DOPAC are the major metabolites of dopamine.

HVA and DOPAC are the major metabolites of dopamine.

Dihydroxyphenylpropionic Acid (DHPPA), also known as 3,4 dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid, is a byproduct of the fermentation of dietary phenols by several bacteria, including some Clostridia spp. and others. Although once thought to identify the presence of specific dysbiotic bacteria, ongoing research suggests there are several bacterial species potentially involved.

Produced when Clostridia acts upon unabsorbed tryptophan, tyrosine or phenylalanine.

Dilute Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT) is a laboratory test often used for detection of lupus anticoagulant (LA). Russell's viper venom [RVV] isolated from the snake Daboia russelii contains a potent activator of factor X which in the presence of phospholipid, prothrombin and calcium ions clots fibrinogen to fibrin. In individuals with a lupus anticoagulant the antibody binds to the phospholipid inhibiting the action of the RVV and prolonging the clotting time. 

Organophosphates are one of the most toxic groups of substances in the world, primarily found in pesticide formulations. They are inhibitors of cholinesterase enzymes, leading to overstimulation of nerve cells, causing sweating, salivation, diarrhea, abnormal behavior, including aggression and depression. Children exposed to organophosphates have more than twice the risk of developing pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), an autism spectrum disorder. Maternal organophosphate exposure has been associated with various adverse outcomes including having shorter pregnancies and children with impaired reflexes.

The amino acid derivative dimethylglycine (DMG) is produced when betaine (trimethylglycine) donates a methyl group to homocysteine for re-methylation back to methionine. This methyl donation is mediated by the enzyme betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT). Elevations in DMG act as a negative feedback by inhibiting this enzymatic conversion. [L]

Organophosphates are one of the most toxic groups of substances in the world, primarily found in pesticide formulations. They are inhibitors of cholinesterase enzymes, leading to overstimulation of nerve cells, causing sweating, salivation, diarrhea, abnormal behavior, including aggression and depression. Children exposed to organophosphates have more than twice the risk of developing pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), an autism spectrum disorder. Maternal organophosphate exposure has been associated with various adverse outcomes including having shorter pregnancies and children with impaired reflexes.

Organophosphates are one of the most toxic groups of substances in the world, primarily found in pesticide formulations. They are inhibitors of cholinesterase enzymes, leading to overstimulation of nerve cells, causing sweating, salivation, diarrhea, abnormal behavior, including aggression and depression. Children exposed to organophosphates have more than twice the risk of developing pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), an autism spectrum disorder. Maternal organophosphate exposure has been associated with various adverse outcomes including having shorter pregnancies and children with impaired reflexes.

Dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) is a metabolite of organophosphates, which are among the most common causes of poisoning worldwide. Organophosphates are frequently used as pesticides and can enter the body through the lungs, skin, or by consuming contaminated food.

Even at low exposure levels, organophosphates may pose a serious risk to the nervous system, especially for foetuses and young children. Repeated or prolonged exposure may lead to a range of neurological symptoms, including:

• Impaired memory and concentration
• Disorientation and confusion
• Severe depression and irritability
• Headache and speech difficulties
• Delayed reaction times
• Sleep disturbances (such as nightmares, sleepwalking, drowsiness, or insomnia)